<p>The Dennysville Historic District encompasses the historic town center of Dennysville, Maine. Located near the southern end of the large rural community, its architecture covers more than 100 years of community history, from the early 19th to early 20th centuries. The district extends along Main Street between Maine State Route 86 and Bunker Hill Road, on the west bank of the Dennys River. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Dennysville was established in 1786 by General Benjamin Lincoln, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, and its settlement was overseen by his son Theodore. The town center grew on the banks of the Dennys River, which provided the power to bring the area&#39;s timber to mills and market. The town was economically successful in the lumber industry until virgin timber in the region was exhausted, and the main lumber mill in town burned in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The town center is a largely linear area, lining the west side of Main Street, which parallels the river south of State Route 86 (King Street). It extends south just beyond the Bunker Hill Road bridge across the river, and along The Lane and Mahars Lane west to their junction. This area includes 22 historically significant properties on about 30 acre of land. Most prominent among these properties are the civic buildings and the church, an 1834 Federal-Greek Revival structure built in 1834, which retains its original box pews. The town library, built in 1923, is one of the newest buildings in the district, a distinctive Bungalow-style structure with a stuccoed brick exterior. The Dennysville Academy building is a fine Greek Revival structure built in 1846 and used in later years as a church vestry. Other non-residential buildings include the American Legion Hall (c. 1885), formerly a Masonic lodge, and Allans Stage and Livery Stable, a horse barn dating to about 1875.</p><br>
<p>Most of the houses in the district were built before 1850, and are either Federal or Greek Revival in style. They are typically 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories in height, of wood frame construction, and finished with wooden clapboards. One house, built about 1860, is notable for its Italianate style. One Federal style house, that of Captain Ebenezer Wilder, was built in 1834, but has later Queen Anne/Eastlake styling applied. There are two mid-20th century houses that are not historically significant. The map that accompanies the nomination form was done prior to a shift of Route 86 (Main Street). The Church and Library are closer to Route 86 than they were to the old alignment of Main Street. The Lane, therefore, descends from the present Route 86.</p><br>
<p>The Old Grist Mill is a historic mill building on Little River Road in eastern Lebanon, Maine. Built in 1774, it is the town&#39;s oldest surviving industrial building, and was in operation as a mill into the 20th century. The building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, has been converted into a residence and retail/artist space.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Grist Mill is located on the south side of the Little River, in a rural eastern part of Lebanon. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gable roof and a massive stone foundation that has been reinforced with concrete. Its framing members are hand-hewn timbers, about 13 in square and as much as 22 ft in length. A small single room extends beyond the foundation over the river.</p><br>
<p>The mill was built in 1774 by Joseph Hardison. Originally built as a grist (flour) mill, it was over time adapted to also to produce wooden shingles and clapboarding. The mill also served as a community meeting point, housing a small store and as a place for posting public notices. The advent of railroad transportation and the decline in farming in the area led to its closure in the 1870s. It underwent a restoration in the 1970s, using electricity instead of water as its power source, but has since been converted into residential space with room for a small shop or artist&#39;s studio.</p><br>
<p>Just downstream from the mill, the Little River Road crosses the river on the Grist Mill Bridge, whose foundation may also have been built by Hardison.</p><br>
<p>Boulder-on-the Park is a three-story building at 1850 South Boulder Avenue in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Originally built in 1923, it represents Commercial Style Art Deco architecture, It was designed by the Atkinson & Olston architectural firm and built by C. A. Sanderson & Son. The building overlooks Veterans Park, south of Downtown Tulsa.</p><br>
<p>The building has served several different functions. Upon completion, it housed the Holland Hall School, and bore the name of the school until 1932, when the school moved to new and larger premises, the Boulder building housed corporate offices, particularly the Aero Exploration Company, an aerial mapping company, which occupied it from 1938 to 1946. The building was extensively remodeled in 1947, then occupied by radio station KTUL. The station coined the name "Boulder on the Park" for its new premises. It remained in the building until 1956, when it moved to new facilities on Lookout Mountain and converted to a television station, KTUL-TV.</p><br>
<h2>Addition to NRHP</h2><br>
<p>Boulder on the Park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in September 2003, under Criteria A. Its NRIS number is 03000872.</p><br>
<p>Although the building has been extensively remodeled since its original construction, its nomination was accepted because of its historical significance as a radio broadcasting station. The Period of Significance is stated as 1947, when KTUL moved into the building, to 1953 (50 years prior to listing on the NRHP).</p><br>
<h2>Original construction</h2><br>
<p>This building faces east, toward Veterans Park. It is three stories high, with a flat roof, brick walls and concrete foundation. Since the property has a significant uphill grade from front to rear, the first floor was excavated into the hillside and is mostly below grade. None of the first floor is visible from the rear. The only entry was a single metal paneled door with a single light. The windows are wood with brick rowlock sills.</p><br>
<p>According to one news report, the school building had an interior area of 8,200 ft&sup2; which contained at least nine classrooms, a shop, gymnasium and a laboratory.</p><br>
<h2>1947 modifications</h2><br>
<p>Before radio station KTUL moved its studio from the National Bank of Tulsa building (now known as the 320 South Boston Building), its management decided to modernize the appearance. A rear entry was added to the west wall. The brick walls were painted, which emphasized the difference between the more decorative facing brick used on the front (east) and the first quarter of the north and south sides, and the common brick that covered the remainder of the building. Some additional architectural details were added to the facade, which gave the building a more Streamline Moderne appearance.</p><br>
<p>The Stevens Pass Historic District is an area within a large rectangle 3.2by18.2 mi and extends from the Martin Creek Tunnel on the western slope of the crest to the eastern portal of the present Cascade Tunnel above Nason Creek on the eastern slope. The area is ruggedly mountainous and the terrain is covered with timber and granitic outcroppings. The Cascade Range interfered with the Great Northern Railway effort to develop a deep water western terminus in Puget Sound. A gap in the Cascade Range, at Stevens Pass, was found suitable at an elevation slightly in excess of 4,000 ft about 45 mi east of Seattle. The first effort an elaborate switchback system, replaced by a tunnel which was itself replaced by a second tunnel.</p><br>
<p>Stevens Pass Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Switchbacks</h2><br>
<p>The switchback route was complicated and time consuming. 13 mi of track were needed to connect two points three miles apart. Winter snows and slides made the passage slow and not practical for extended use. By 1897, a better route and method was needed to cross the range. A tunnel was begun in 1897, which would by-pass the switchbacks.</p><br>
<h2>First Tunnel</h2><br>
<p>The tunnel as completed in 1900 was 13,283 ft long with a 1.7% grade descending to the west. The eastern portal was at elevation 3,347 ft and the western at elevation 3,123 ft. Both portals have a concrete facing with two pilasters flanking the tunnel mouth and a pyramidal cap. The entire length of the tunnel is lined with concrete.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the Wellington Disaster in 1910, the pass was protected by 17 snow sheds for a total length of 7,593 ft. The structures were added over time, as the need became apparent. The sheds did not block the slides but carried the debris over the right of way. Additions to the snow shed protection totaled construction of 5,411 ft in length, located at 26 points from 29 mi east of the Cascade Tunnel to 9.5 mi west. A double-track reinforced concrete snow shed 3,900 ft long was built in Wellington. Believed to be the first double-track shed built.</p><br>
<p>With the increase in traffic over the line made possible by the improvements, interruptions increased as heavier snows blocked exposed portions of the track. In 1913, the Railway began a series of improvements on the west slope of the Cascade. As a result of these endeavors, eight of the twelve miles of track between the Cascade Tunnel and Scenic were covered by tunnels or snow sheds. Included in this construction was the Windy Point Tunnel, some 1,200 ft long, which permitted the double tracking of the line along an almost vertical cliff. A second tunnel of note in the route was the Martins Creek tunnel, located immediately west of Martin Creek. Tracks approached the tunnel portal on a bridge and the tunnel turned about 170 degrees in a rising curve, the tracks crossing over Martin Creek again on a second bridge. The tunnel, built in 1911, was an unusual solution to a difficult problem and it was aptly called the Horseshoe Tunnel. The snow sheds added during this period were combination structures of wood and concrete. Reinforced or mass concrete was used for the back wall and timber formed the roof and supporting pillars; the largest shed constructed in this series was 4,100 ft long.</p><br>
<p>The maintenance of the sheds was expensive. Electrification of the line began in 1909. A simplified route was needed.</p><br>
<h2>Frank Stevens</h2><br>
<p>Probably no one was so firmly connected with James J. Hill&#39;s route over Stevens Pass than John Frank Stevens, after whom the pass is named. Stevens was born in 1853 and raised on a farm in Maine. Like many engineers of the time, he had no formal education but went to work for the railroad, first surveying in Maine and then moving west, working as a rodman in Minneapolis and a section hand in Texas. Before going to work for Hill in 1889, he had laid out the lines for half a dozen western railroads including the Canadian Pacific. He had gained an enviable reputation by dint of competent hard work and in his travels "he had been treed by wolves, chased by Indians, struck down by Mexican fevers, marooned by blizzards, given up for lost on more than one occasion (and) had developed a robust physique that seemed impervious to climate". The Great Northern was recognized as the best engineered railroad in the country and to Stevens must go much of the credit. In 1905 he was appointed by Theodore Roosevelt as Chief Engineer to the "graveyard of reputations", the Panama Canal, which he pulled out of inaction and placed on the road to completion. He went back to work for Hill in 1909 and then worked as a consulting engineer in New York. In 1917, he was asked by Woodrow Wilson to go to Russia as head of the American Railway Commission; at the request of the Russians, he stayed as an adviser until 1922. In 1927, he was elected president of the American Society of Civil Engineers and in 1937, at the age of 83, he flew to the Panama Canal in a Pan American clipper. He died on June 2, 1943.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Anderson, Eva G. Rails Across the Cascades. Wenatchee Wenatchee World Publishing Company, 1952 (?)</p><br>
<p>Hult, Ruby El. Northwest Disaster: Avalanche and Fire; Portland: Binfords & Mort, 1960</p><br>
<p>Sandstrom, Gosta. Tunnels. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963.</p><br>
<p>"Concrete and Timber Snowsheds on the Great Northern Railway". Engineering News, Vol. 36 No. 24 (December 15, 1910).</p><br>
<p>"Tunnels and Snowsheds in the Cascades: Great Northern Railways". Engineering News, Vol. 71 No. 23 (June 4, 1914).</p><br>
<p>The former National Guard Armory of Batesville, Arkansas, is located at 380 South Ninth Street. Built in 1936, it is a large and imposing sandstone structure with Gothic Revival and Art Deco features.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Peter Blaauw, a Dutch architect from Sulphur Rock, and built with funding from the Works Progress Administration. After the National Guard vacated the facility in 1976, it was used for storage and sat vacant.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Old Independence Regional Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1998, the building was repurposed into a museum to interpret the history of Independence County, a historical county that existed in Arkansas from 1820 and originally included land from all or part of Baxter, Cleburne, Fulton, Izard, Jackson, Marion, Poinsett, Sharp, Stone, White, and Woodruff counties. The museum held its grand opening and dedication on September 12, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The East Machias Historic District encompasses the historic early center of the 19th century lumber and shipbuilding center of East Machias, Maine. The district includes houses built between about 1760 and 1880, several churches, and Washington Academy, a private school founded in 1792. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now East Machias was first settled in the 1760s, and was part of neighboring Machias until 1826. Its principal settlement grew near a falls on the East Machias River, where several mills were established. Washington Academy, founded in 1792, was given a permanent home in East Machias in 1823. The area was an economically successful shipbuilding and lumbering area for most of the 19th century, giving rise to the collection of historic properties on the east bank of the river.</p><br>
<p>The district extends along the eastern bank of the East Machias River, roughly between the bridge carrying United States Route 1 in the north and that carrying Willow Street to the south. It extends inland to include properties on Water Street and Cutler Road (Maine State Route 191). Most of the buildings in the 63 acre district are residential, 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories in height, and of wood frame construction with clapboard siding. Notable exceptions including the original Washington Academy building (1823), the First Congregational Church (1836), and the former Church of the Disciples of Christ (1880), now an academy building. There are also two mid-19th century commercial buildings, a schoolhouse from that period, and the archaeological remains of four separate mills.</p><br>
<p>The George W. Lackey House is a historic house at 124 Washington Street in Mountain View, Arkansas. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, finished in weatherboard siding. It has an L-shaped plan with a cross-gabled roof, and a porch that wraps around the south and east sides in the crook of the L. The eaves of the roof have exposed rafter ends in the Craftsman style. The house was built in 1915 by George Lackey, who came to Mountain View c. in 1901 as a teacher and eventually principal of the Stone County Academy. He later served several terms as mayor of Mountain View, and also operated the Lackey General Store.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Fred Lancaster Barn is a historic barn in rural eastern Stone County, Arkansas. It is located in the Round Bottom area northeast of Mountain View. It is a traditional-format four-crib log structure with a tall gable roof. Each of its cribs measures about 12 x, and are divided by crossing driveways. The barn was built in 1918 by Fred Lancaster, and represents a transition from the traditional style crib barn to one with a transverse layout.</p><br>
<p>The barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Luber School is a historic one-room schoolhouse building in rural central-southern Stone County, Arkansas. It is located at the northern corner of Luber Road  and County Road 214 in the community of Luber, south-southeast of Mountain View. The school is a single story rectangular stone structure, with a hip roof that has exposed rafter ends in the Craftsman style. A hip-roofed porch projects to the south, supported by square columns, and shelters the main double-door entrance. The school was built by the small rural community in 1930, just before the full effects of the Great Depression and a drought ruined the area&#39;s economy.</p><br>
<p>Its schoolyard is enclosed on three sides by a low rock wall.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Carver Memorial Library is the public library of Searsport, Maine. It is located at 12 Union Street in the town center, in a 1910 Tudor Revival building donated in memory of Captain George A. Carver, a Searsport native. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>Carver Memorial Library is set at the northeast corner of Union and Mortland Streets in the village center of Searsport, about one block east of the town offices, and one block north of United States Route 1. It is a single story fieldstone structure, three bays wide, with a gabled roof and a projecting central gabled pavilion. The gable ends are decorated in Tudor style half-timbering. The main entrance is set at the center of the projection in a segmented-arch opening, with large Craftsman-style brackets supporting the half-timbered gable above. The interior has retained most of its original finishes, including marble floors, oak shelving and desks, and black marble fireplaces in the reading areas.</p><br>
<p>The public library in Searsport was founded in 1871, with its collection started with donations from David Sears and a private lending library that had previously existed in the town. By 1900 its collection had exceeded 2,000 volumes. This building, designed by the firm of McLean & Wright, was built in 1910. It was a gift to the town by Mrs. George Carver and her son Amos, in honor of her husband, a Searsport native, shipbuilder and ship&#39;s captain.</p><br>
<p>The Old Town House is the town hall of Parsonsfield, Maine. Located on Merrill Hill Road, the 1834 Greek Revival building has served as the town&#39;s main civic building for more than 150 years. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Town House is located on the east side of Merrill Hill Road, at the northern fringe of the rural village center of Parsonsfield. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. Oriented facing south (with the gable ridge parallel to the road), its front facade is symmetrical, with a pair of entrances, each flanked by pilasters and topped by an entablature. The building corners are also pilastered. There are three sash windows set around the entrances on the ground floor, and two more in the attic level. The interior, originally a single large space, has retained original wide pine wainscoting and plaster walls. Portions of the interior have been partitioned off to house town offices, and part of the attic level has also been finished for that purpose.</p><br>
<p>When Parsonsfield was first incorporated in 1771, town meetings were held in local residences. In 1794 the town built a meeting house on the west side of Merrill Hill Road, which was used for both civic and religious purposes. The present building was erected after that building was made over exclusively for church use. The building was used for town meetings until 1985, but still houses town offices and is used as a polling station.</p><br>
<p>The Meek Building, also known as the Hogg Building, is a historic commercial building at Main and Oak Streets in Leslie, Arkansas. It is a two-story brick building, with a flat roof obscured by a parapet. Its main entrance is in an angled section at the street corner, with a second store entrance facing Oak Street. Built about 1907, it is one of the oldest commercial buildings in the city, and has long been a local landmark, first housing the grocery of Roy Meek and then the meat shop of G. W. Hogg.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The J.C. Miller House is a historic house at Oak and High Streets in Leslie, Arkansas. It is a tall -story wood-frame structure in the American Foursquare style, with a hip roof pierced by hip-roofed dormers, and a single-story porch that wraps around two sides. The construction date of the house is not known, but its first known occupant, J.C. Miller, was living in it in the 1920s. It is one of Searcy County&#39;s best examples of early-20th century American Foursquare design.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri and North Arkansas Depot-Leslie is a historic railroad station at the end of Walnut Street in Leslie, Arkansas. It is a long rectangular single-story building, with stone walls and a bellcast hip roof with extended eaves. A telegrapher&#39;s bay projects from the southwest side. It was built c. 1925, and is a surviving representative of the economic success brought to the community with the arrival of the railroad in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Ira Allen Chapel is a secular chapel on the campus of the University of Vermont , which is located on the northeast corner of the "University Green" in Burlington, Vermont.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed during 1925–26, and dedicated on January 14, 1927. It was added to National Register of Historic Places as part of University Green Historic District on April 14, 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Named after the University&#39;s founder, Ira Allen, construction was made possible by a $200,000 endowment from James Benjamin Wilbur, LL. D (1856–1929) of Manchester, Vermont in 1924.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The cornerstone of the Ira Allen Chapel was installed on June 22, 1925 as part of the commencement activities that year, coincidentally occurring exactly one-hundred years after the cornerstone was laid for Old Mill by General Lafayette. The ceremony was officiated with an opening prayer by the Reverend John Lowe Fort, followed by the hymn “Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken". An inscription which was carved into the granite reads; "Dedicated to the service of God erected in memory of the founder of this university Ira Allen - 1925".</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by the architect William Mitchell Kendall of McKim, Mead, and White of New York; the same architectural firm which designed the university&#39;s Waterman Building (built in 1941), Fleming Museum (1931), Southwick Building (1934), Slade Hall (1928), as well as Burlington City Hall (1928). The building was erected under the supervision of builder, O.S. Nichols (of Essex Junction, Vermont).</p><br>
<p>Angell Hall (or the Angell House), originally built in 1869 to serve as the Presidents house (and later converted into a Womens dormitory in 1917) was demolished to make way for construction of the chapel.</p><br>
<p>In May 1926, the chapel&#39;s 2,063 lb bell, manufactured by the McShane Bell Foundry Company, Inc. of Baltimore, Maryland was installed in the belfry (for the total cost of $1,685).</p><br>
<p>During the construction of the chapels tower, rumors had been circulated that it was unstable. After some investigation engineers reported that the towers structure was more than sufficient, explaining that the tower&#39;s interior corner wooden columns and their connecting castings over the top of the open arches were filled with reinforced concrete.</p><br>
<h3>James B. Wilbur: Benefactor</h3><br>
<p>James Benjamin Wilbur was a wealthy businessman and American history enthusiast who had made his fortune in ranching and banking in Colorado, and serving as president of the Royal Trust Company of Chicago until his retirement and move to Vermont in 1909. In this time Wilbur discovered and developed keen intrigue in the historically controversial character of Ira Allen, subsequently resolving that it was "a sacred duty to undertake the writing of his life." By 1920, Wilburs collection of "Vermontiana" assisted him to begin writing Allens biography, which was eventually published in 1928 as a two-volume work entitled: "Ira Allen: Founder of Vermont, 1751–1814". The work has been criticized as it purportedly relied solely upon the English language correspondence that Wilbur found while undertaking his research in Paris during the 1920s; thence missing sixteen french-language documents that refute Allen&#39;s long-standing claims of his motives pertaining to the Olive Branch affair.</p><br>
<p>In 1921, Wilbur first donated to the university a bronze statue monument of Ira Allen (sculpted by Sherry Edmundson Fry) upon a foundation of Barre Granite that was installed on the University Green in front of the university&#39;s "Old Mill" building facing west toward College Street and Lake Champlain. The monument to General Lafayette, which was originally installed at this location in 1883 was moved to the north end of "the Green" (in proximity to where the Ira Allen Chapel stands today).</p><br>
<p>In 1924, Wilbur proposed an offer to UVMs board of trustees to build a chapel on conditions; that it be named the "Ira Allen Chapel", and that the chapel be sited and designed by the universitys consulting architects at the time; McKim, Mead & White of New York City. Of the preliminary plans for the chapel, Wilbur had expressed pause, stating that the "plans are artistic, but I am afraid too expensive for me.” Nevertheless, after reviewing them with other university administrators (Dean Josiah Votey, Dean Walter Crocket, and Professor Frederick Tupper) who felt that the plans were satisfactory, President Bailey placed an advertisement in the university’s Alumni Weekly newspaper intended to generate revenue to meet the possible shortfall. Wilbur hence pledged an additional $150,000, contingent upon the successful sale of a commensurate stock of timber from a property he owned on Vancouver Island. Wilbur officially announced the plans for the new chapel during a speech to the university’s board of trustees on June 21, 1924.</p><br>
<p>By 1929, Wilbur had also established a $3 million endowment scholarship for the University (which still exists today), and donated his personal Vermontiana collection to the university, today known as the Wilbur Collection, as well as a $100,000 provisional contribution for the construction of the Robert Hull Fleming Museum, and an additional $150,000 to construct the Wilbur room within the museum intended to house his collection. Up until this point in time he had become the largest private benefactor in the universitys history. An ironic twist of fate lies in the fact that Ira Allen had left behind a damaged reputation with the university, having never followed up on his founding pledge of 4,000 pounds that was intended for the construction of the universitys buildings. However, Wilburs ineffable devotion to Allen over a century later suggests that compensation was made for his fiduciary lapses, at least within the context of the universitys history.</p><br>
<p>During the years of Wilburs contributions, university president Guy Winfred Bailey (1876-1940) served as Wilburs principal handler.</p><br>
<h3>Pipe organ</h3><br>
<p>The original organ installed in the Ira Allen Chapel was a three-manual, electro-pneumatic Welte-Mignon Philharmonic Pipe Organ. The manual compass was CC to C4 (61 notes). The pedal compass was CCC to G (32 notes). The wind chests of the manuals featured super-octave couplers (4&#39;), which extended the compass of the keyboards to 73 notes. There was also installed a reproducing console, which played recorded rolls in detail utilizing pedals, swells, and tempo characteristics of renown organists.</p><br>
<p>During the chapels dedication ceremony of 14 January 1927, the organ was played by Dr. T. Tertius Noble, the organist of St. Thomas Church of New York, who concluded the event with two organ recitals composed of classical pieces, and an original piece that was said to have demonstrated the capabilities of the instrument.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, the pipe organ was removed due to building renovations requiring the installation of a new airshaft in place of the organs pipes. The installation of a new pipe organ was estimated to cost in the millions of dollars, and was further anticipated to have complications due to the effect of varying temperature and humidity on the organs intonation system. The prospect was thus determined to be cost-prohibitive. However, in August 2004, a new Rogers Trillium 3 digital electronic organ was installed (costing about $100,000). Organ enthusiasts have argued against the authenticity of the digitally re-created pipe organ sound.</p><br>
<h3>The University&#39;s desire for a new Chapel</h3><br>
<p>Chapel services on the university&#39;s campus from the 1830s onward were held in the chapel of the Main College building underneath its formerly erected central dome, in what is today known as the John Dewey Lounge. Although the chapel was enlarged during the 1882–83 modernization and renovation of the Main College building, throughout the ensuing 45 years the student population continued to grow beyond its capacity. Furthermore, the inadequate heating system of the facility could not sufficiently heat the room for an "8:00 or 8:30 am service", which up to that point in time was a compulsory obligation.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1900s, attendance at the chapel services had become greatly reduced much to the dismay of the sitting university president of the day, Matthew Henry Buckham. Although the president was said to have hated the word "compulsory", he nevertheless felt that everyone should attend chapel services. However, this was impossible due to the chapel&#39;s limited capacity. a new chapel.</p><br>
<p>Soon after Buckham&#39;s passing in November 1910, it was reported in a university periodical that a memorial to Matthew Henry Buckham ought take the shape of a chapel; "It would be fitting, however, if in the coming years there shall be erected by the side of Morrill Hall, commemorating the service of a son of Vermont whom he loved, a memorial chapel bearing his name..."</p><br>
<p>Although this vision was never realized, it was decided that Ira Allen Chapel would be built on the same spot where for almost 40 years, president Buckham had lived and worked (i.e. Angell House). By the time of Ira Allen Chapel&#39;s design, it was intended that it serve as a meeting place to accommodate the entire student body, using reported figures from 1923 totaling 1,146 students.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building&#39;s footprint was constructed in the shape of a Latin cross. There is a 170 ft. high (by 20 ft) bell tower offset to the northwest corner of the nave of the main structure that is fitted with four clocks (one for each side of the tower) measuring eight feet in diameter. At night, the beams from the electric lamp on the top tier of the tower are said to be visible from Mount Mansfield to the east (the highest summit in Vermont) to Mount Marcy from the west (the highest summit in the Adirondack mountains of New York State).</p><br>
<p>The length of the nave runs roughly east–west for 135 ft. at a 50 ft. width. The 46 foot wide transepts of "the cross" extend perpendicular from the nave structure (i.e. north-south) for 20&#39; 6". Hence, the width of the main structure totals about 90 ft. The floor area of the building is 39,141 ft (gross area) and 26,532 ft (finished area). The main structure is 40 ft. high and has a slate roof. Extending an additional 40 ft. above the roof and from the center of the building (e.g. the intersection of the nave and the transepts) is a low octagonal dome topped with a lantern and golden cupola.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed using locally manufactured brick (from the Drury Brick and Tile Company of Essex Junction, Vermont) laid in Flemish bond with ivory colored trim and topped with a gray-green slate roof. The portico&#39;s pediment has a central traced elliptical window and flanking white swags. Barre granite steps (roughly the width of the nave) ascend to the front entrance, which consists of three large doors leading to the inner vestibule. The auditorium seats about 1,100 people, including 200 in the balconies. The eastern facade of the building has a basement level which is five bays wide.</p><br>
<p>Much of the design of the building credited to William M. Kendall, a senior partner in the firm McKim, Mead & White, which utilized a "Palladian clarity of massing" and design elements reminiscent of the University of Virginia campus at Charlottesville, augmented with a New England thematic character of an "inventive eclecticism; flattened, linear crispness; and light decorativeness."</p><br>
<h2>Additions and maintenance</h2><br>
<p>In 1945, the "Little Chapel" was constructed in the basement underneath the southern transept. It was considered to be an architectural unit complete with cathedral glass, beamed ceiling, chancel floor, and leaded windows. During 1954-55, the "Little Chapel" was renovated through the efforts of the Rev. Raymond A. Hall (a faculty member of the English department who was made the university chaplain in 1952) and with contributions from Mrs. and Mr. John E. Booth (who were primary contributors for the little chapel in 1945). It was upgraded with a dossal, brass altar set, and a new lectern. The chapel was built in cruciform with stained glass windows through which artificial light was cast. With a seating capacity for about 40 people, the facility served as a worship center for numerous groups on campus. However, on October 19, 1957, UVM&#39;s board of trustees voted to discontinue weekly chapel services held each Wednesday and replaced them with a weekly university convocation. The decision was reached after a legal investigation concluded that such use of university facilities was technically a violation of the 3rd amendment of the Constitution of Vermont, which held that "... no man ought to, or of right can be compelled to attend any religious worship, or erect or support any place of worship, or maintain any minister, contrary to the dictates of his conscience..."</p><br>
<p>Due to the fact that UVM received funds from the State of Vermont as a state university, the use of tax dollars for support of religious services could have been construed as compelling the taxpayers to support a place of worship. The trustees further concluded that the primary use of the university&#39;s facilities ought to be for educational purposes with the allowance for denominational groups to utilize available facilities for worship services on campus provided they are billed for associated costs, such as; heat, lighting, custodial services, and depreciation.</p><br>
<p>On October 17, 1953, an electronic carillon was dedicated in the Ira Allen Chapel. It was the first such carillon with the capability for tuning in both major and minor tonality, and which allowed for the carillonneur to vary the tonal coloring according to harmonic requirements. Up to this point, electronic carillons could only be tuned to one tonality, thus preventing their bells from sounding in tune at all times. The device consisted of eight large speakers mounted above the bells in the tower, a console with two manuals and 64 bells at the base of the tower, and four 50 watt amplifiers housed in the basement. The $5,000 instrument</p><br>
<p>While making major repairs to the chapel in 1954, a group of workers were trapped within the tower for four hours due to high winds that prevented their climbing down.</p><br>
<p>In June 1966, the outside of the chapel and bell tower were repainted and a new gold leaf was applied over the tower dome cupola; a project which had cost $6,000.</p><br>
<p>During 1971, renovations were made to the interior, which included extensive acoustical remodeling, enlargement of the stage area, and the addition of new seating (at an estimated cost of $500,000).</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the urn containing the ashes of Burlington native and world-renowned American philosopher and educational reformer John Dewey (UVM class of 1879), as well as the remains of his wife, Roberta Dewey were interred at a memorial adjacent to the north side of the building. This is the only known grave site on the UVM campus.</p><br>
<p>In 1981, one of the original cornices had rotted out to about 25% of its original material. It required Moose Creek Restoration a month to recreate the carved edifice in plaster and epoxy coating (weighing 200 pounds).</p><br>
<p>In early 1982, each of the four of the clocks on the tower had been displaying different times. The University commissioned Pat Boyden (UVM class of 1967) to rebuild the clock mechanism and replace the clock hands with a lighter aluminum material. Boyden further donated new hour and minute markings for the clocks.</p><br>
<p>During 1984-1986, major improvements totaling 30,000 square feet were made to the Ira Allen Chapel and Billings Library building, forming a combined Ira Allen–Billings Student Center. A wing was constructed abutting the south transept of the Ira Allen Chapel at the basement level. The roof of the wing serves as a patio adjoining the chapel to Billings. An additional building known as the Campus Center Theatre was constructed, which abuts part of the north transept of the Chapel. The back entrance of the theatre is accessible from the rear vestibule of Ira Allen Chapel. The roof of the entryway serves as an open terrace and also connects the two buildings together. It is accessible from the back of the auditorium (i.e. the first floor) of Ira Allen Chapel and from stairways from the east, and the north. The front entrance of the Campus Center Theatre faces north toward Colchester Avenue. These additions were designed by the architectural firm Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson, and Abbott.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, the basement of the Ira Allen Chapel was converted into a production area for the Vermont Cynic newspaper, the Aerial yearbook, and the Burlington Review publication. The chapel was further outfitted with theatrical lighting, an enlarged stage area, and additional fire exits. Also during this period, a new carillon was installed, replacing the 1953 instrument. The new instrument had a range of almost four full octaves comprising 40 pitched tuning rods, which were played from a two-tiered keyboard located in the chapel&#39;s choir loft.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, an extensive rehabilitation project of the bell tower took place, which consisted of stabilization and repainting of the tower and the belfry.</p><br>
<p>During the autumn of 2018, the original 32 foot spanish cedar columns of the main facade were removed and disposed due to deterioration; and the Barre granite stairway was demolished for refurbishment. The university attempted to replace the columns with replicated steel support pillars encased in fiberglass. However, as the universitys historic structures were subject to the Vermont Act 250 land use statute, the Natural Resources Board, acting as the States enforcement agency issued a letter ordering the university to cease construction work in January 2019; after six steel columns had been erected, but installed with only the leftmost four fiberglass sheaths (without any of the capitals or bases). After the issuance of a mitigation agreement with the Vermont Division for Historic Preservation to address the substantial disparity of the replacement building materials from the original materials, and the subsequent approval of the Act 250 District Coordinator, the project was completed by installing wooden sheaths around the steel pillars during the spring of 2020.</p><br>
<p>Although Ira Allen Chapel is no longer used for religious services, the facility hosts special campus events and ceremonies and has further been visited by notable speakers.</p><br>
<h2>Notable appearances</h2><br>
<p>Senator Bernie Sanders, USA Senator (22 May 2022)</p><br>
<p>Michele Norris, American radio journalist (25 January 2016)</p><br>
<p>Al Gore, Former USA Vice-President (6 October 2015)</p><br>
<p>Salman Rushdie, Author (14 January 2015)</p><br>
<p>Billy Collins, Poet (2 October 2013)</p><br>
<p>Slavoj Zizek, Marxist philosopher (16 October 2012)</p><br>
<p>Bill McKibben, Environmental Journalist (13 October 2012)</p><br>
<p>Sierra Leone&#39;s Refugee All Stars, Musical band (6 April 2010)</p><br>
<p>Senator Barack Obama, USA Senator (10 March 2006)</p><br>
<p>Matt Nathanson, Singer/Songwriter (20 January 2006)</p><br>
<p>Mike Gordon and Leo Kottke, Musicians (5 November 2002)</p><br>
<p>Widespread Panic, Rock band (9 March 1994)</p><br>
<p>Turtle Island String Quartet, Jazz string quartet (30 March 1990)</p><br>
<p>Spike Lee, film director, producer, writer, and actor (2 February 1990)</p><br>
<p>Pearl Williams-Jones, Gospel singer (6 October 1989)</p><br>
<p>Jesse Jackson, Politician, minister, and civil rights activist; and Mayor Bernie Sanders, Politician (11 February 1988)</p><br>
<p>Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor, writer, and activist (13 October 1987)</p><br>
<p>Russell Means, American Indian Movement Leader (11 September 1986)</p><br>
<p>Jerry Brown, Politician (27 November 1979)</p><br>
<p>Angela Davis, Political activist and author (28 September 1979)</p><br>
<p>Jerry Rubin, Social activist and counterculture figure (28 September 1978)</p><br>
<p>Gary Graffman, Classical pianist (8 July 1970)</p><br>
<p>The Parsons–Piper–Lord–Roy Farm is a historic farmstead at 309 Cramm Road in Parsonsfield, Maine. Its buildings dating to 1844, it is a fine example of a well-preserved mid-19th century farmstead, with modifications in the 20th century to adapt the barn to chicken farming. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Parsons–Piper–Lord–Roy Farm is a 26 acre rural agricultural property in southeastern Parsonsfield. The property consists of parcels of land on the north and south sides of Cramm Road, just east of its junction with Fenderson Road. Much of the property is wooded, some of that formerly agricultural land that has returned to forestation. The farmstead stands on the north side of Cramm Road, with three buildings arranged in a U shape around a central drive. The house, on the west side, is a 1-1/2 story Cape style wood frame structure, with a side gable roof and central front cross gable, with a 1-1/2 story ell extending to the rear to join to an attached carriage barn. The house has Greek Revival styling, its entrance flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by an entablature with cornice.</p><br>
<p>At the top of the U stands the main barn, a large two-story bank barn with the gable oriented east-west. Its main entrance is on the west side, with a large sliding door topped by a two-tier transom window and a gabled Greek Revival entablature. Originally built to house large animals in stalls flanking a central drive, it has been converted into a chicken barn, with the loft space floored over for a usable third-floor space. The east side of the U has a rectangular structure now used as an equipment shed.</p><br>
<p>The buildings of the farmstead were built in 1844 by John Merrill, a local builder, for Enoch Parson (a descendant of Thomas Parson for whom the town is named) at the time of his daughter Hannah&#39;s marriage to Dan Piper. The Pipers and Parsons shared ownership of the entire farm property (which was originally about 1,000 acre). A later Parson descendant married into the Lord family, and were the last of that family line to own the property, which was sold in 1948 by their heirs to the Roy family. The Roys were responsible for the conversion of the farm to a chicken-raising operation.</p><br>
<p>The H.S. Mabry Barn is a historic barn in rural central Stone County, Arkansas. It is located on the north side of County Road 21, south of Mountain View. It is a large two-story wood-frame structure, built in a transverse crib plan with animal stalls flanking a central drive that parallels the ridge of the gabled roof. Sheds extend the covered area on each of the long sides. The barn was built c. 1922 by Albert Hubbler to house H. S. Mabry&#39;s mule herd, and is noted for its unusually large size.</p><br>
<p>It has a hay hood.</p><br>
<p>The barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Owen Martin House is a historic house on Arkansas Highway 14 in Marcella, Arkansas. Situated on a relatively open field west of the highway , it is a single-story wood-frame structure, in a double-pen dogtrot plan, with a side-gable roof and weatherboard siding. A shed-roof porch extends across the east-facing front, supported by square posts, and a cross-gabled ell extends west from the rear of the southern pen. The house was built in about 1920, illustrating the persistence of the traditional form well into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Noah McCarn House is a historic house on Arkansas Highway 5, about 3 mi southeast of Mountain View, Arkansas. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with a side gable roof, weatherboard siding, and a stone foundation. The main facade has a center entrance, with paired sash windows on either side, and is sheltered by a hip-roof porch supported by square posts. The roof lines exhibit a vernacular Craftsman version of exposed rafter ends and brackets. A wellhouse on the property has distinctive latticework walls.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Waverly Village Hall is a municipal event hall in Waverly, Minnesota, United States, built by the Works Progress Administration  from 1939 to 1940. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 for its local significance in the themes of architecture, entertainment/recreation, and government/politics. It was nominated as a representative of the civic facilities made possible with New Deal federal assistance, as well as for its Moderne architecture and role as a community event space.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Waverly Village Hall is a rectangular building with a projecting entrance bay. It is constructed of reinforced concrete whose outermost layer was scored to form rectangular panels. A wide set of stairs leads up to three slightly recessed doorways at the main entrance. These were originally double doors flanked by Moderne light fixtures, but have been replaced with single doors and contemporary lights. Lined up above each doorway is a textured panel surrounding a small window. The corners of the main section and the entrance bay are rounded and topped with decorative fins. The sides of the main section feature three tall windows flanked by texturing similar to the front façade.</p><br>
<p>The main entrances lead to a foyer with a ticket booth flanked by doorways leading to the auditorium. Floored in maple, the auditorium measures 77 by. Recessed into the far wall is a 43 by stage. Short hallways lead to rest rooms, dressing rooms, and rear exits. A lower level contains a large dining hall, kitchen, coat rooms, a locker room, and utility areas.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>Waverlys original 1893 village hall, which housed the communitys government offices, fire department, jail, and ballroom, was gutted by a fire in 1938. In the midst of the Great Depression the village did not have the funds to build a new facility. During this period, however, the federal government was sponsoring numerous programs to assist local communities with construction projects that would also create jobs for the unemployed.</p><br>
<p>Waverly officials applied to the district office of the Works Progress Administration in January 1939. Their submission included preliminary plans by Minneapolis-based architect Walter R. Dennis, and the village had secured a site at a prominent intersection. The application was approved by the national office in March. In addition to construction of the new building, the application also provided for cleanup of the old village hall site and remodeling of a separate building recently purchased to be the new fire station.</p><br>
<p>Construction began later in 1939 and was completed in August 1940. The building was dedicated over Labor Day weekend in a festival that included band performances, baseball games, carnival rides, tours, and a dance in the auditorium.</p><br>
<h2>Use</h2><br>
<p>Waverly Village Hall was designed exclusively as an event venue—government offices and services were housed in other buildings secured shortly after the village&#39;s original hall was destroyed by a fire. The replacement hall quickly became a center of social life for residents of Waverly and neighboring towns. It hosted numerous wedding receptions, as well as dances, school plays, banquets, and concerts. Waverly resident Hubert Humphrey gave numerous speeches there. The hall was booked by churches and organizations like the Knights of Columbus, and even hosted athletic events such as basketball games and roller skating.</p><br>
<p>The hall is still operated by the city of Waverly as an event venue.</p><br>
<p>The Thayer Hotel is a historic hotel building in Annandale, Minnesota, United States, built in 1895. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 for its local significance in the theme of commerce. It was nominated as a significant example of the large, wood-frame hotels serving Wright County at the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Thayer Hotel is a three-story building with a full-front veranda. The building operated as a bed and breakfast, from 1995 to 2011 when the owner and operator Sharon Gammell retired in 2011. The building sat vacant until 2016.</p><br>
<p>On March 24, 2018, the building reopened as a restaurant. By the end of 2018, the Thayer was again operating as a full-service hotel with a restaurant on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The Paul Family Farm is a historic farmstead at 106 Depot Road in Eliot, Maine. Consisting of a well-preserved early-19th century Federal style farmhouse and a small collection of early-20th century outbuildings, it is a representative example of 19th-century farming in the area. The farmhouse parlor is further notable for the c. 1820s stencilwork on its walls. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Paul Family Farm is located at the southern corner of Depot Road and Goodwin Road (Maine State Route 101), in a rural area northeast of the Eliot village center. The main house is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof, central chimney, and clapboard siding. The front, facing east toward Goodwin Road, is symmetrically arranged, with a center entrance that has a Greek Revival surround with sidelight windows, pilasters, and corniced entablature. A hip-roof porch extends across most of the northern facade, and there is a two-story ell extending westward. The interior of the main block follows a typical center-chimney plan, with a small vestibule and winding staircase in front of the chimney, hall and parlor on either side, and the kitchen behind the chimney. The parlor is finished with wide wainscoting and plaster above, with a Federal style fireplace mantel with pilasters. The walls have been decorated with stencilwork characterized as being of the "Eaton School", similar to the work of itinerant artist Moses Eaton, Jr. This stencilwork was touched up during major work in the 1920s (which included the ell), and is signed by Martin Frost, a local artist of that period.</p><br>
<p>The houses initial construction date is traditionally given as 1804–05. It was probably built by Hugh Tucker Paul, the son of Moses Paul, who first settled the land. The farmstead was still in the hands of Pauls descendants at the time of its listing on the National Register in 1998. Moses N. Paul was responsible for the addition of the ell in the 1920s, along with most of the outbuildings of the farmstead except for its c. 1850 barn, which include a woodshed, workshop, garage, and arbor. He also added a chicken coop in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The Collison House is a historic house at 260 North Main Street in Bald Knob, Arkansas. It is a -story brick structure, with a side gable roof. It is a traditional linear ranch house with Colonial Revival features, including its main entry, which has sidelight windows and a fanlight above. The house was designed by Estes W. Mann and built in 1950 for Mrs. June Collison. The house is notable as one of the first ranch houses to be built in its neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Sam Cooley Barn is a historic barn, located just outside Bald Knob, Arkansas south of Collins Road. It is a two-story frame structure in a transverse crib configuration, with a metal roof, vertical board walls, and a stone pier foundation. Its main drive is oriented east–west, with the main vehicle entrance on the west, topped by a sliding door at the second level to allow tall equipment into the barn, and an animal entrance on the north side. Built about 1920, it is one of the best-preserved barns of that period in White County.</p><br>
<p>The barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Elm Street House is a historic house on Elm Street in Bald Knob, Arkansas. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with an irregular plan that has intersecting gabled roof elements. It is finished in weatherboard and rests on a brick foundation. It has Craftsman features, including exposed rafter ends on the eaves and porch, and brick piers supporting the gabled front porch. Built about 1925, it is one of White County&#39;s best preserved examples of Craftsman architecture.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church of Scituate is a historic Baptist church building at 656 Country Way in Scituate, Massachusetts. It is a -story wood-frame structure with eclectic Victorian styling, including quoining at the corners and bracketed eaves. It has a three-part round-arch window in the front-facing gable end, with a square tower rising to an octagonal spire set to its left. The church was built in 1869–70 as the second sanctuary for a Baptist congregation founded in 1815. The architect was Shepard S. Woodcock.</p><br>
<p>The church and its associated parsonage were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Plainfield Center Historic District encompasses the historic rural village center of Plainfield, Massachusetts. The district is centered on a stretch of Main Street , between Church Lane and Central Street, and includes the town&#39;s oldest surviving houses, and its congregational church, set on the site of its first colonial-era meeting house, as well as the town hall  and library . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Plainfield was first settled in 1769, and was incorporated out of Cummington in 1785. The town center arose on one of the town&#39;s larger areas of flattish terrain, there being steep rises and falls to the east and west. Always rural and agricultural, the town in its early years had a few grist and sawmills, built mainly to serve local needs. The town center area benefited from the establishment of a water company in 1816, which built an aqueduct to provide water to the area in wooden pipes. Its first meeting house was built in 1792, the same year the Old Burying Ground was laid out.</p><br>
<p>The historic district, built infrastructure is centered along Main Street, extending a short way north to the junction of Union and Central Streets, where the Hilltop Cemetery, the towns second, is located. It extends southward along Central Street, which follows a hill terrace, as far as Pleasant Street. This lobe includes more dispersed residential architecture and an extensive rural landscape. This area is home to the towns oldest houses, mostly Cape-style frame buildings dating to the 1780s. The district is about 730 acre in size because of this section and a smaller southern extension of Union Street.</p><br>
<p>Greenlawn Cemetery is a historic cemetery at 57 Orne Street in Salem, Massachusetts. The cemetery was founded in 1807, but received a major redesign in the 1880s to bring it into the then-popular rural cemetery style, with winding lanes and landscaping. The 100 acre is notable for its large number of specimen plants, which is second in the state to the Arnold Arboretum in Boston. It has more than 6000 burials, and is still in active use.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>It is the burial place of Medal of Honor recipient John Phillip Riley (1877–1950). Reverend Jacob Stroyer (1848–1908) is buried there too. Medal of Honor recipient Thomas E. Atkinson (1824–1868) has a cenotaph in his honor.</p><br>
<p>The Tallassee Mills were cotton mills established by the Tallassee Falls Manufacturing Company in 1841 in Tallassee, Alabama at the falls of the Tallapoosa River. At the time of their closure in 2005, the Tallassee Mills were the oldest continuously operating textile mills in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The mills were placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 26, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Hezekiah Chase House is a historic house in United States Route 202 in the center of Unity, Maine. Built in 1826, it is a high-quality example of Federal architecture executed in brick. It is also notable as the birthplace of George Colby Chase, the second president of Bates College. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Chase House is set at the southwest corner of US 202 and Kanokolus Road in the center of Unity. Set back from the main road, it is a -story brick structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, end chimneys, and a stone foundation. The main facade is symmetrically arranged, with a center entrance flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a fanlight window. A -story wood-frame ell extends to the rear, and there is a barn near the rear of the property that was once connected to the house via a shed.</p><br>
<p>The property on which the house stands was settled by Stephen Chase in 1782. He built a Cape style house about 1810 which forms the ell of the present house, which was built by his son Hezekiah, a judge and state senator, in 1826. Hezekiah&#39;s son George (1844-1919) was born and raised here. He attended Bates College in its second class, and eventually became a professor of English there. In 1894 he became the second president of Bates, succeeding Oren Cheney and overseeing a major period of its growth.</p><br>
<p>Pebbledene is a historic house at 99 Freeman Street in the York Beach area of York, Maine. Built in 1896, this Queen Anne/Shingle style house was the last large-scale summer house built in the area. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Pebbledene stands near Barn Point on the east side of Freeman Street, facing the Gulf of Maine, just south of the junction with Bay Haven Road. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gable roof studded with gables and projecting sections typical of the Queen Anne style. The house is finished in wooden shingles on the upper floors, while the first floor is weatherboarded. An octagonal tower three stories in height stands at the southwest corner, and a porch wraps around it to the ocean-facing front. A smaller porch, sheltered by a continuation of the roof, extends over the center portion of the lower porch. The interior of the house retains much of its original design work, including fireplaces, with mirrored mantels, and an elaborate central staircase.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1896 for Edwin Rogers, president of a Boston-based manufacturer of fire alarms, and was named for the large number of pebbles on nearby beaches. It was built on three lots of a subdivision laid out by Henry Evanston that was generally built out with much less pretentious buildings. Although several other large summer houses like this were built in the York Beach area, most of them have since been demolished or significantly altered.</p><br>
<p>The School Addition Historic District encompasses a middle-class residential area of Batesville, Arkansas that typifies its growth between about 1850 and 1950. It is located between Main Street and Poke Bayou, along two blocks each of Rock and Water Streets , and the intervening blocks of 7th and 8th Streets. Houses in this area are generally of a modest scale, built for tradesmen and craftsmen. They come in a variety of styles, including the traditional I-house, American Craftsman-style bungalows, and ranches. The district was platted out in 1849 and sold off by the town to raise funds for public education.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It includes two previously-listed properties: the Glenn House, and the Wycough–Jones House.</p><br>
<p>School Addition Historic District, 1 of 9.jpg</p><br>
<p>School Addition Historic District, 2 of 9.jpg</p><br>
<p>School Addition Historic District, 3 of 9.jpg</p><br>
<p>School Addition Historic District, 4 of 9.jpg</p><br>
<p>School Addition Historic District, 5 of 9.jpg</p><br>
<p>The Thida Grove School is a historic school building in the rural community of Thida in southern Independence County, Arkansas. Located on the north side of County Road 20, it is a single-story vernacular wood-frame structure, with a side gable roof, weatherboard siding, and a concrete foundation. It has a recessed porch with a pair of entrances. The interior has a single large chamber, with tongue-and-groove wainscoting and wide oak flooring. The school was built about 1920 during a boom period in the region.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Woodland Cemetery is a historic cemetery located at 1020 South Fifth Street in Quincy, Illinois. Planned by politician John Wood and opened in 1846, the cemetery is a product of Americas rural cemetery movement of the mid-nineteenth century. The cemeterys grave markers include smaller Victorian monuments and large Gothic Revival and Neoclassical structures. The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From its establishment in 1825 to the 1840s, Quincys only public cemeteries were a burial ground on Maine Street and a small plot in Jefferson Park. The city began to run out of space to bury its dead as it grew, and John Wood, then mayor of Quincy and eventual governor of Illinois, began plans for a larger cemetery in 1846. Wood bought a plot of land overlooking the Mississippi River and planned the cemeterys landscape himself, following the principles of the rural cemetery movement. The movement, which came to America with the opening of the Mount Auburn Cemetery in the Boston area, promoted burial grounds which also served as parks and leisure spots for the living; these cemeteries had curving roads, large green spaces, and exquisite ornamental grave markers. The cemeterys design incorporates Quincys natural geography and is the only remaining part of the city with its original hilly landscape.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery became popular soon after it opened, and it accepted both new burials and relocated remains from the citys other cemeteries; the oldest grave in the cemetery predates its opening by eighteen years. The State of Illinois deemed Wood the owner of the cemetery, which passed to the city of Quincy upon his death; he was also appointed sexton of the cemetery. In the following decades, burials in the cemetery came to reflect significant events in the city. A cholera epidemic swept through Quincy from 1849 to 1851, and many victims were interred in the cemetery despite laws forbidding it. In the 1860s, the cemetery accepted almost 250 of the citys Civil War dead; these burials led to the formation of the Quincy National Cemetery, which was later relocated, and the construction of a marble war memorial. Several large tombs were added in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, and a bandstand was added in 1934.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 1, 2002. A storm damaged the cemetery in 2015, breaking its Civil War memorial.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The larger tombs in the cemetery were mainly designed in two styles: Late Gothic Revival and Classical Revival. Late Gothic Revival tombs, which included the Osborn vault, featured medieval influences and simple designs. The Classical Revival tombs took on two different styles; the most prominent variant, seen in the Lynds vault and the large 1927 mausoleum, resembled a Greek temple with columns and a frieze. The other variation, used most prominently in the Rogers vault, featured extensive marble ornamentation and a large portico similar to Neoclassical residential architecture. Many of the individual grave markers include Victorian elements popular in the mid-nineteenth century; these monuments used metal or stone and represented Victorian ideals about life and death. Common motifs include obelisks, spiritual symbols such as angels, symbols representing the deceased&#39;s life such as occupational elements, and natural symbols such as logs or fallen trees. Lambs were commonly used on the graves of children, as they symbolized innocence in Victorian culture.</p><br>
<p>The West Point Grade School is a historic former school on East 3300 South in the village of West Point in Gooding County near Wendell, Idaho. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1941 by general contractor R. C. Fait to designs by prominent Boise architects Tourtellotte & Hummel. It is a vaguely classical design with Art Deco influences, and is the "sole, and therefore exceptionally important, institutional and architectural focus of this somewhat out-of-the-way farm community immediately north of the Snake River in south-central Idaho".</p><br>
<p>In 1982 the building was occupied as a Grange Hall, but its current use is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The Quincy East End Historic District is a residential historic district located on the east side of Quincy, Illinois. The district encompasses 493 contributing buildings built from the 1830s to the 1930s, including representative works of nearly every popular American architectural style during the period. The homes in the district were planned by designers of all skill levels, from local craftsmen to nationally significant architects, and the district developed naturally as formal and vernacular styles rose and fell in popularity. The Italianate and Gothic Revival styles are particularly common in the district. The John Wood Mansion, a Greek Revival home built in 1835 for Quincy&#39;s founder, John Wood, is one of the oldest and most significant homes in the district.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 14, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Boise Junior College Administration Building is a historic college building on the campus of Boise State University in Boise, Idaho. It was designed by the Boise architectural firms of Tourtellotte & Hummel and Wayland & Fennell, and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building was built in 1940 to house nearly all of the functions of the newly established Boise Junior College. It originally housed the schools library, classrooms, and administrative offices, although the former have since been moved to other, newer buildings on campus.</p><br>
<p>Like Tourtellotte&#39;s Administration Building at the University of Idaho, it is designed in a Tudor Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The Quincy Northwest Historic District is a primarily residential historic district in Quincy, Illinois, USA. Located north and west of the city&#39;s downtown, the district encompasses over 1,600 contributing buildings; these buildings represent almost every prominent architectural style used between 1840 and 1950. The district developed somewhat irregularly, with no consistent plan or progression; however, development roughly spreads away from downtown and the Mississippi River. While most buildings in the districts are homes, businesses and industrial buildings are interspersed in residential areas without forming clear areas of non-residential use. The Italianate and Queen Anne styles are the two most prevalent of the many formal architectural styles which can be seen in the district; common vernacular styles include the gable front house, the shotgun house, the I-house and the bungalow.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 11, 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Guernsey Dairy Milk Depot is a historic building in Boise, Idaho. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Depot was built in 1937 by L. S. Mallory to designs by architects Tourtellotte & Hummel. It is a rare example of Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in their portfolio. It was built to house both commercial and light industrial operations. It has been occupied as offices since at least the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The Meeker Mansion Museum is a historic house in Puyallup, Washington, United States. It is the second of two homes in the city which were resided in by Oregon Trail pioneer Ezra Meeker, the first one being a cabin on the homestead claim which Meeker as well as Hunter Thompson and Will Brines purchased from Jerry Stilly in 1862. This was a one-room, 8 by square cabin to which Meeker, Brines, and Thompson added a second room, doubling its size. After the move to the mansion, Meeker, Brines, and Thompson donated the cabin site to the city, which they turned into Pioneer Park. The wooden cabin disappeared over time. Several steel and concrete pillars outline the dimensions of the original cabin. The Baltic ivy vine, originally planted by Eliza Jane Meeker and her daughter Marc Grignon , now covers the pillars where the original cabin once stood. A statue of Ezra Meeker was placed in the park and dedicated on September 14, 1926.</p><br>
<p>The Meekers began construction on the house in 1886, contracting with Tacoma architects Farrell and Darmer. Construction of the Mansion was finished in December 1890 and Ezra and Eliza Jane Meeker officially cooked their first meal in the house on December 10, 1890 (as reported in the Tacoma Daily Ledger). Before the house was complete the Meekers held their youngest daughter Olive Grace Meeker&#39;s wedding on the front porch in October 1890. Meeker became wealthy through the production of hops, and was known as the "Hop King of the World". During the years in which Meeker lived at the mansion, he worked to trace and mark the Oregon Trail,</p><br>
<p>also spending many hours writing on the subject as well as the history of Puget Sound (he would produce twelve books on these topics).</p><br>
<p>The mansion was the social and political center of the valley during Meeker&#39;s lifetime. Its grounds feature holly trees which he brought over from England, and a ginkgo tree, an oak, sequoia, and California Redwoods. It is today home to the Puyallup Historical Society, who own and operate the Meeker Mansion Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Meeker Mansion was originally constructed between 1886 and around 1890 by Tacoma architects, Farrell and Darmer, according to specifications of Eliza Jane Meeker. Although the mansion was paid for and designed by Eliza Jane, there are elements that if not added by Ezra Meeker, were designed with him in mind. The Mansion was built with hot and cold running water on all four floors, and was the first house in the Puyallup Valley to have a bathroom with running water on the second floor. The house was wired for electricity as well as gas before electricity was available in the Valley which resulted in gaslight fixtures that were convertible to electric. Due in part to the hop crisis as well as the Panic of 1893, Ezra Meeker lost most of his wealth; however, the house remained in Meeker Family hands, being transferred once to their eldest daughter Ella Templeton, and then later to their second daughter Caroline "Caddie" Osborne. After the failure of the hop crop, Ezra would turn his attention to the Klondike Gold Rush in the Yukon, establishing a store from which he supplied goods to miners. Eliza Jane Meeker would reside in the Meeker Mansion, taking in boarders, selling bulbs, and testing out drying processes for shipment up to the Dawson City store until Ezras return in 1901. The property would go up for sale in 1903, but remained the Meekers home until 1905 when they moved to Seattle to live with their daughter Caroline Osborne. According to Ezra Meekers letters during his 1906 journey back through the Oregon Trail, the house was rented out, via Eliza Janes former companion Mrs. Katherine Graham, to boarders. Ezra would return to the house quite frequently as the landlord, even keeping a small room on the third floor for times he stayed the night.</p><br>
<p>Following the death of Eliza Jane Meeker in 1909, Ezra left the mansion in possession of his daughter and son-in-law. The building was leased in 1910 to serve as Puyallup&#39;s first hospital, on and off until 1915. In 1915 the house was purchased for $8,000 to use as a home for widows and orphans of the Civil War by the Washington and Alaska Chapter of the Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic. The mansion would largely house elderly ladies whose fathers, brothers, uncles, or husbands had served in the Civil War. By the 1920s, the Ladies had outgrown the Mansion and added an annex building along the east side of the Mansion which attached to the house through the dining room and library. Another significant overhaul took place in 1948, when the mansion was sold and converted into a critical care nursing home. Ceilings were painted over, dropped ceilings installed, exterior designs were removed, and asbestos siding was installed. The house passed through a series of doctors until it became The Valley Nursing home, operated by the King family. As it started to become more and more expensive to keep the historic home aligned with the Fire Code the Kings looked to move their facility to another building by the late 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Plans were made to sell the property for use as a parking lot. The house itself was donated to the Puyallup Historical Society (then called the Ezra Meeker Historical Society) on the provision that they move the house. Given the construction of the home, this was not possible without it being destroyed so instead the society purchased the land surround the mansion and in 1970 began the process of restoring the home. The organization began efforts to restore the property, removing exterior additions and dropped ceilings and also restoring the painted woodwork. Over time, original paintings from the mansion were discovered and copied as part of redecorations. The Meeker family&#39;s house is now on the National Historic Register and is currently undergoing restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The house features white clapboard siding and ornate wooden trim around all the windows and below the eaves. There is a large front porch with a balcony on the second floor; a smaller balcony is located on the east side of the house on the second floor. A porte-cochere (carriage entrance) is found on the west side with wooden, circular stairs leading to the sun porch. Porches and balconies are decorated with wooden railings and pillars. The buildings foundations are made of Wilkerson Sandstone, and a widows walk tops the mansion itself.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the house was finished the Meekers&#39; contracted again with Farrell and Darmer to build them a conservatory heated by the same boiler as the Mansion. There was also a stable and chicken coop once located on the property. The annex buildings once attached to the Mansion were burned down by an arsonist in the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is four floors, with ceilings up to 12 ft high on the first two. Six original fireplaces have hand-carved wooden mantels, ornate tile work from the American Encostic Tile Company, and mirrors. Speaking tubes were installed to aid communication within the mansion; gaslights were also originally fitted throughout. Most of the speaking tubes were cut off at the wall while the house was a nursing home as the whistling scared the patients. Originally each room in the family wing of the house would have had picture rail, decorated metal doorknobs and hinges, built-in bolt locks on the doors, and inside wooden shutters. The ceilings are decorated with frescos and frieze work created by American painter Frederick Nelson Atwood Jr. The house has interior plumbing with hot and cold running water on four floors and would have had tin bathtubs. Leaded, stained glass windows are framed with ash and walnut.</p><br>
<p>The Basement has five rooms for fruit, dairy, washing, a boiler, and storage room. According to letters sent by Ezra to his daughter Caroline Osborne his eldest son, Marion Jasper Meeker, and grandson, Ezra Blane Meeker, may have lived for a short while in one or more of the basement rooms.</p><br>
<p>The main floor consists of the drawing room, parlor, library, a bathroom, dining room, kitchen, pantry, hallway, and sun room. The drawing room is fitted with teakwood flooring. The parlor has cedar paneling, while the library has redwood. The main entrance to the building was in the hallway, consisting of double doors of walnut with panels of leaded, stained glass. The main stairway had a newel post of hand-carved cherry wood, and the railing and balustrades of the stairway were hand-turned cherry wood. A large stained glass window was on the west side of the hallway and also made up part of the sun room. Double sliding doors open off the hall into the parlor and the drawing room. A third set of double sliding doors connect the parlor and the library.</p><br>
<p>The servants stairway starts in the kitchen and ascends to the third floor and down into the basement. The second floor servants quarters has two small rooms which were designed for servants but with no existing records of the Meekers&#39; servants their use remains a mystery. The master bedroom includes a small adjacent dressing room which had a built-in wardrobe closet. The billiard room has a fireplace mantel, window casings, and baseboards of curly maple. A large bathroom, the Balcony Bedroom, and the Yellow room are on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The attic is located on the third floor and includes four rooms under the eaves to the west and south, which were designed for servants. There is no evidence that servants ever lived on this floor but based on stories of the Meeker Family and descents it is known that the Meeker grandchildren used to use this floor to play and would even hold small plays. The wire for the curtain still hangs across archives. In the 1903 listing of the Meeker Mansion the relators list the top floor of the Mansion as being a billiard room. The stairway to the widow&#39;s walk was on the third floor.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>McDonald, Lucille, Where the Washingtonians Lived, Seattle: Superior Publishing Company, c. 1969, p. 177</p><br>
<p>Meeker, Ezra, The Busy Life of Eighty-Five Years, Indianapolis: William B. Burford Press, c. 1916</p><br>
<p>Meeker, Ezra, and Howard R. Driggs, Ox-Team Days on the Oregon Trail, World Book Company, c. 1922</p><br>
<p>Young, Robert W., Ezra Meeker in the Puyallup Valley, Seattle: August 1949</p><br>
<p>The El Paso Public Library is a Carnegie library located at 149 West First Street in El Paso, Illinois, United States. The library building was built in 1906–07 to house the city&#39;s library, which originated in 1873. Architect Paul O. Moratz designed the building in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The librarys existence dates back to 1873, when the Ladies Library Association formed in El Paso. The library was originally kept in a room of the Eagle Block Building; however, when that building burned down in 1894, the library was destroyed. Following the fire, the new library took on a temporary home while the Ladies Library Association discussed finding a permanent building and giving the city control over the library. The city assumed ownership of the library in 1904 and approved a library tax the following year. In 1906, the city received a $6000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation for a library building. The library was completed the following year and dedicated on February 22, 1907; its collection included 1300 books from the library association and 500 new books ordered for the new building, and El Pasos citizens donated $1000 to purchase even more books.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the library began exploring the possibility of expanding the library facilities both to allow increases in usage and library materials and to provide for greater accessibility to the library. Fund raising took place through 2012 and 2013 and construction was begun in 2013. The expanded library opened in 2014. The additional space allowed for a greatly expanded childrens library section in the Edward and Marjory Heiken Children’s Room, multi-use room especially for childrens programming and additional public use computers. The Lester Pfister History and Genealogy room houses a rotating collection of local artifacts of historical interest. The Drake Family-Heartland Bank Community Room is used both for library functions and as a meeting place for community organizations.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Paul O. Moratz of Bloomington, who was also noteworthy for his work on his home citys White Place neighborhood, designed the library. Moratz gave the library a Richardsonian Romanesque design inspired by the Morgan Park Library in Chicago. The two-story building has a buff stone exterior with a brick foundation. Round turrets rise on either side of the librarys front entrance; the turrets are linked by a segmental arch above the front door. The building&#39;s hip roof features exposed rafter tails all around and dentillated eaves above the entrance. The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The historic Howard Lake City Hall is a multipurpose government building in Howard Lake, Minnesota, United States, built in 1904. It originally housed the citys government offices, post office, public library, fire department, and public meeting hall. In the 1930s the city began operating a municipal liquor store in the building, which remains the buildings primary use today as most other functions have moved to newer facilities. The Howard Lake City Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and politics/government. It was nominated as an example of early-20th-century small-town government architecture, and as Howard Lake&#39;s most prominent building.</p><br>
<p>The Marion Ridgeway Polygonal Barn located in LaPorte County on the southern edge of LaPorte, Indiana, is a multi-sided barn. Built in 1878 by Marion Ridgeway and called the Door Prairie Barn. The barn sits east of highway 35 surrounded by woods and cultivated fields. The nine-sided barn is south of a rectangular barn. The barn has nine sides and is two stories tall. The roof is capped with a sectional cone roof with a nine-sided cupola in the Gothic Revival/Italianate style. Within the louvered panels trim pieces resemble a lancet arch. The post and beam frame sits on wooden sill propped on stone.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The roof is covered in wood shingles. There is an overhang, showing the rafters in the soffit area. The walls are covered with horizontal tongue-and-groove beveled siding. Corner boards at used where each wall section adjoins the next.</p><br>
<p>The barn faces north and has a large sliding door located off center to the west on the lower level. There are long, narrow openings with operable wood shutters at each side of the wall section, with identical openings on the upper level. The upper level has a small hay door with a large hay dormer. The dormer has an out-swinging hay door with a hay pulley at the top. The dormer is capped by a steeply pitched gable roof with exposed rafters.</p><br>
<p>The first side, described above, is followed by side two with its window and four-foot-wide door. Side three has another window next to a door, and there is a smaller hay door on the upper level, above the window. Side four contains another window and door pair, while side five has the door and then the window with a smaller hay door above. Side six is roughly parallel to the road, has the door and window and on the upper level is painted: DOOR PRAIRIE 1878 LaPorte, Indiana. Side seven and eight both have doors and windows. Side eight has an upper-level hay door above the window. Side nine contains the final door-and-window combination. The combination of windows and doors is said to give the barn its name: "Door Prairie Barn".</p><br>
<p>The name also is an associations with in LaPorte County, which means "Door." The county was named because of a natural "door" between the woods to the north and east and the prairie to the west and south. This section of the county is called Door Prairie. This doorway was a landmark on the Indian trail through the area. It became the site of Door Village.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The interior is an arrangement of pens. On the lower level, the north end of the barn has the main entrance. To the east is a permanent stairway to the upper level. Symmetrically from this northern bay are eight equally spaced stalls, each with a gate at the barn&#39;s center and containing a door and window on the outer wall. At each of the points of intersection of the inner stall walls are large posts that extend to an overhead beam, which braces the floor joists of the upper level. The center of the barn is left open for movement of animals.</p><br>
<p>On the upper level, the bay to the east has a three-section grain bin. This bin corresponds to the size of the animal pen below and does not extend to the roof above. Each compartment has a grain chute from the upper to the lower level. A walkway provides access to the large hay doors and makes the moving of the hay and straw easier. Most of the upper level is open for the storage of hay and straw.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Hanou, John. Research compiled on Indiana&#39;s round and polygonal barns from 1986 to present. Archived at Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 340 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202.</p><br>
<p>Intensive architectural survey of Indiana&#39;s round and polygonal barns. Conducted June to August 1991, conducted by Jerry McMahan, areawide survey of round and polygonal architectural and historical resources.</p><br>
<p>Kesling, Dr. Peter C. Owner of the Ridgeway (Kesling) barn, LaPorte, Indiana Interviewed by Jerry McMahan, October 18, 1991.</p><br>
<p>Soike, Lowell J. Without Right Angles, The Round Barns of Iowa. Des Moines, IA: Iowa State Historical Department, Office of Historic Preservation, 1983.</p><br>
<p>El Paso freight station is a historic freight depot located at 17 East Main Street in El Paso, Illinois. The freight depot was used by both the Illinois Central Railroad and the Toledo, Peoria, and Western Railroad, the two railroads which served El Paso and contributed significantly to the citys history. El Paso was founded in the 1850s by landowners who wished to win a bid for the crossing site of the two railroads. The newly formed city won the crossing the following year, and it soon grew substantially. The freight depot was built in 1889-90 after the original depot was destroyed. The depot sent out agricultural goods from the surrounding farmland and allowed local businesses to ship products and receive supplies, making it a crucial part of the citys economy. Rail transport through El Paso declined starting in the 1930s and ended entirely in the 1960s; the freight depot was the longest-standing building associated with both railroads, though it was eventually removed.</p><br>
<p>The depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 16, 1994, as the Illinois Central Railroad and Toledo, Peoria, and Western Railroad Freight House. The building was later moved several hundred feet to the southeast and is currently located at 17 East Main Street. Though it is no longer at its original site, it remains on the Register.</p><br>
<p>The Stahly–Nissley–Kuhns Farm is a historic farm located at Nappanee, Elkhart County, Indiana. Nappanee was established in 1874. The Farm is part of Amish Acres, which includes the old farmstead and additional structures brought in to show Amish life.</p><br>
<p>The Kuhns farm includes the farmhouse, a bank barn, a windmill, a "grossdaadi haus," (grandfather house), an outhouse, a food drying house, a bake oven, a smokehouse, a root cellar, a hoghouse, and a garden plot. Associated with the farmstead is a cider mill, which was operated by the Kuhns family. The mill building was moved onto the property by the family around 1900. The mill is not a part of the historic area because it was moved onto the property.</p><br>
<p>The garden plot is a site. The windmill and root cellar are structures, which were supportive of human activities. The windmill was used to generate power; the root cellar was related to food storage.</p><br>
<p>Closely associated with the farmstead is a cider mill, which was operated by the Kuhns family. The mill building was moved onto the property by the family around the turn of the century. It has remained in the same location and has a high degree of integrity. It has not, however, been included in this nomination. The mill&#39;s physical relationship with the rest of the farmstead is diminished because of the buildings which have been moved onto the property.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in several stages. The first portion was constructed in 1893. It is a two-story wood structure with four bays and a side gable. The roof covered with diamond shaped slate. There are two chimneys, both inside the house frame. One is located at the west end and the other in the center. The house has a field stone foundation and clapboard siding. There is a one-story shed roof porch on the front. Second floor windows are regularly spaced. Windows on the first story do not line up with second story windows. The house has plain corner boards and fascias.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen is on the west side of the stair; the living room is on the east. A medicine cabinet is located in the living room is typical of an Amish house. There are hooks on a board several feet from the floor all around the living room. These were for the use of Amish neighbors who gathered here on Sunday when it was the family&#39;s turn to host services. A grille in the ceiling sends heat to the room above.</p><br>
<p>Off the kitchen is a pantry. Off the living room is the master bedroom. This tiny bedroom has an east window with a view of the barn. On the west wall of the room is a door, which exits onto the rear porch. On the second floor, there is a narrow hall on the west side of the stairs. On the west side of the hall, on the south side of the house, there is a guest room. This, the house&#39;s largest bedroom, has bracketed shelves, intended for the display of objects. It is the only room in the house with this feature. On the west side of the hall is a walk-in closet, the only closet in the house. On the east side of the hall are two other bedrooms. The room to the west were used for laundry, dyeing, and other domestic activities. The south and east walls of this room, originally exterior walls have clapboard siding. There is no ceiling; rafters and roof sheathing can be seen overhead. The floor is wood.</p><br>
<p>There are wood floors and plaster ceilings and walls throughout the house. The southernmost room of the gable roof rear section of the house is a milk house. Inside this room, on the south wall, is a stone trough. The floor is dirt.</p><br>
<p>There is a shed roof, one story section on the north side of the two-story section. The central section is open. This open section, or porch, has doors leading into the kitchen, cellar, master bedroom, and west addition. There is a pump for drawing water from a well located under the porch.</p><br>
<p>Extending from the west end is a one-story shed roof addition with a concrete foundation constructed in the 1920s. This addition adjoins an earlier, east section, and consists of three rooms. The two southernmost rooms comprise the original house, built by Moses Stahly in 1874. The third room was added later. The south room of the original house was converted to a milk house at some point.</p><br>
<h2>Grossdaadi haus</h2><br>
<p>South of the main house is the grossdaadi haus. It is a one and a half-story frame structure. The house has a gable roof-with wood shingles. There is a brick chimney on the top of the gable. The house has two additions, one the west side and one to the back. It also has clapboard siding. It was moved from Nappanee and is thought to have been built between 1874 and the 1910s, when Noah Nisley and his wife moved into it.</p><br>
<h2>Farm buildings</h2><br>
<p>Northeast of the main house is a large bank barn. It has a gable roof with wood shingles. Siding is vertical wood planks. The foundation is field stone with a hand hewn beams. The trees used were cut on the farm. A threshing floor is on the top floor. On the ground floor are stables and milking stalls. On the west end of the barn, there is a shed roof addition which contains a corn crib and wagon shed.</p><br>
<p>There is a windmill constructed in the 1920s, south of the barn.</p><br>
<p>West of the house are three small outbuildings. They are the food drying house, the bake oven, and the smoke house. Each is a frame structure with a front gable roof and wood shingles.</p><br>
<p>The food-drying house has beveled horizontal siding. There are shallow drawers for the food to be dried. The smokehouse and bake oven have vertical wood siding. All three buildings appear to be from about 1900.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the food drying house is a wood frame outhouse with a front gable roof, wood shingles on the roof and horizontal wood siding. It appears to date from about 1900.</p><br>
<p>North of the smoke house is a root cellar built into the ground. It uses field stone for the walls and an earthen roof.</p><br>
<p>The hoghouse, north of the main house, has a concrete foundation, a standing seam metal, gable roof, and vertical board siding. It was constructed in the early part of the century.</p><br>
<h2>Garden</h2><br>
<p>The garden plot is south of the food drying house and the outhouse. The garden is planted with herbs, and rows of vegetables. Alternating rows contain flowers.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Farm represents the lifestyle of the Nappanee-area Amish during the late 19th and early 20th century. The structures themselves are illustrative of the simple architecture favored by the Amish.</p><br>
<p>The Stahly–Nissley–Kuhns Farm is perhaps the best representation of an old Amish farm in the Nappanee area Amish settlement. The vast majority of Amish farms in the Nappanee area have been altered to some degree in the name of home improvement. Many have aluminum or some other type of synthetic siding. Some of the farm properties have intrusions in the form of new buildings to house motorized vehicles and modern farm equipment, which are gradually becoming accepted among many Amish groups.</p><br>
<p>The Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory for Elkhart County (1976) identified two Amish farms in the Nappanee area. These are the Stahly–Nissley–Kuhns Farm, and the Schmucker Farm, located across the road. The Stahly–Nissley–Kuhns Farm now operates as a farm museum and is part of a development known as Amish Acres.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>"Amish–Beachy–Conservative Nappanee Community Directory." Volume II. Nappanee, Indiana, 1978. Chapman, Charles C. and Company. History of Elkhart County Indiana. Chicago: Charles C. Chapman and Company, 1881.</p><br>
<p>Goshen Daily Democrat. Atlas and Plat Book of Elkhart County, Indiana. Rockford, Illinois: The Thrift Press, 1929.</p><br>
<p>Higgins, Beldon and Co. An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Elkhart County, Indiana. Chicago: Higgins, Beldon and Co., 1874.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Landing, James E. "The Spatial Development and Organization of an Old Order Amish-Beachy Araish Settlement: Nappanee, Indiana." Ph.D. dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 1967.</p><br>
<p>Ogle, George A. and Company. Plat Book of Elkhart County, Indiana. Chicago: George A. Ogle and Company, 1892.</p><br>
<p>Ogle, George A. and Company. Standard Ailafi. a£ Elkhart County. Indiana. Chicago: George A. Ogle and Company, 1915</p><br>
<p>Wenger, John Christian. The Mennonites in Indiana and Michigan. Scottdale, Pennsylvania: Herald Press, 1961.</p><br>
<p>The Menno Yoder barn is one of the two remaining poured concrete polygonal barns in the United States state of Indiana. Built on the outskirts of Shipshewana in 1908 by Menno Yoder, this twelve-sided barn has been expanded upon. It is known as the Brown Swiss Dairy barn. A gravel drive extends to the barn, passing the 1911 concrete farmhouse. The polygonal barn consists of the original 1908 twelve-sided barn, a 1911 attached silo, a c.1920 rectangular addition, and a 1960s one story addition. Next to the barn is a free standing c.1950 milk house.</p><br>
<p>Cultivated fields lie to the south and west.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The twelve-sided, two-storied structure has a two pitch sectional gambrel with a metal aerator at the top. The one-story 1960s barn is on the northwest side and has a gambrel roof that covers the gap between the polygonal barn and the two-story c.1920 barn behind. The two-story c.1920 barn is on the southwest side and has a shallow pitch gable roof, which wraps around the twelve-sided barn. A small rectangular addition on the south side of the two-story barn was erected in c.1960. The rectangular c.1920 barn is two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>All roofs are metal and feature slight overhanging eaves and exposed rafters. Walls of the polygonal barn are of poured concrete, which were never painted or finished. The c.1920 barn has vertical wood sided walls, and the c.1960 barn has glazed block walls. All foundations are of concrete.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>A central drive runs from north to south, connecting the two lower level doors. On either side are pens for horses and cows, with four horse stalls on either side at the north end and six cattle stalls on either side at the south end. There is a small walkway between the horse and cattle stalls and another walkway next to the outside walls at the south end of the barn. Behind the stalls on both the east- and west sides are smaller open areas with feed alleys that served as low pens for sheep and calves. Additionally, there is a set of stairs to the upper level in the northeast corner of the barn and a bull stall in the northwest corner. The upper level consists of a large haymow for the storage of hay and straw and the roofs system is readily visible. Windows help to provide light to the upper level where laminated beams serve as the main means of support between the two different roof sections. Additionally, another laminated beam is placed near the roofs apex to offer support for the metal aerator that successfully ventilates the upper reaches of the barn. The only door on the upper level is the one on the east that is serviced by the ramp and the stairs to the lower level are located in the northeast quadrant.</p><br>
<p>The ground level is composed of many pens on either side of a main walkway running north to south. There is a shorter walkway that connects this main walk to the twelve-sided barn, with the smaller walk running east-west. The upper floors are open for the storage of hay and straw. The northern barn, being one story, has only attic space above the lower level.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Yoder Polygonal Barn is one of few masonry barns in the state, and one of only two remaining polygonal concrete structures in Indiana. The barn is an important and direct link to the agricultural development that occurred in the state from 1850 to 1936. The period of significance of the barn is 1908–1936. After 1936, round and polygonal barns were considered obsolete.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>"A Concrete Barn". The Indiana Farmer, Vol. LXV, No. 13, May 8, 1909, p. 2.</p><br>
<p>Hanou, John. Research compiled on Indianas round and polygonal barns from 1986 to present. Archived at Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 340 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202. Intensive architectural survey of Indianas round and polygonal barns, Conducted June to August 1991, conducted by Jerry McMahan, area wide survey of round and polygonal architectural and historical resources.</p><br>
<p>Rolfe, AL. Two Barns of Unique Design". Country Life, Vol. XX, October 1, 1911, p. 62 and 68.</p><br>
<p>Soike, Lowell J. Without Right Angles, The Round Barns of Iowa; Des Moines, IA: Iowa State Historical Department, Office of Historic Preservation, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Yoder, Menno S. "A Concrete Barn". The Dakota Farmer, April 15, 1910, p 14-15.</p><br>
<p>Yoder, Menno S. "Building a Concrete Silo". The Farmer&#39;s Guide, Vol. XXIII, No. December 16, 1911, p. 4.</p><br>
<p>Yoder, Menno S. "Twelve-sided Cement Barn". The Farmer&#39;s Guide, Vol. XX, No. 25, June 20, 1908, p. 1. Vol. XX, No., August 21, 1908, p. 7. Vol. XX, No., December 12, 1908, p. 5.</p><br>
<p>Yoder, Menno S. "Yoders Cement Barn". Hoards Dairyman, Vol. XL, No. 2, January 8, 1919, p. 1355. "Yoder&#39;s Stable Plans". Vol. XL, No. 11, April 16, 1909, p.l.</p><br>
<p>Fort Collins Municipal Railway Birney Safety Streetcar No. 21 is a streetcar  in Fort Collins, Colorado, listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. Built in 1919 by the American Car Company It was listed on the National Register in 1984</p><br>
<h2>Original use</h2><br>
<p>Introduced in 1915, the Birney Safety Car was a new standardized streetcar design that encompassed new safety features; it was also lighter in weight than earlier designs and more economical to operate. Its economies gave a "new lease on life" to many small-town streetcar systems. The Fort Collins streetcar system used Birney cars exclusively from 1919, when the system was municipalized, until its abandonment on June 30, 1951.</p><br>
<p>No. 21 was built in 1919 and entered service on May 30 of that year. Car 21 was one of four cars purchased new by the Fort Collins Municipal Railway (FCMR) at that time (numbered 20–23), built by the American Car Company, of St. Louis. FCMR expanded its small fleet with additional Birney cars in 1920 (one car) and 1924 (two), At least five of the seven cars were preserved by individuals or groups after the closure. Car 21 was the only one to remain in Fort Collins, where it was displayed outside the Pioneer Museum, predecessor of the Fort Collins Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and return to operation</h2><br>
<p>In 1977, the Fort Collins Junior Women&#39;s Club proposed giving 1919-built streetcar 21 a cosmetic restoration, as the car had become dilapidated from years of exposure. This proposal evolved into a more ambitious plan, to restore the car to operating condition and restore a section of the former streetcar system as an operating heritage railway. A new carbarn was built at the west end of Mountain Avenue in 1982–1983, and car 21 was moved into it on August 21, 1983, following which volunteers from FCMRS began work restoring car 21. Under an agreement signed in 1981, the city permitted FCMRS to restore a 1.5 mi section of track along West Mountain Avenue and Roosevelt Avenue and eventually operate the streetcar along it. The heritage streetcar operation would use the same name as the former streetcar-transit system, the Fort Collins Municipal Railway.</p><br>
<p>Restoration of the section of track and of Birney Safety Streetcar 21 was completed in 1984, and the first public trips on the new heritage streetcar line took place on December 29, 1984 – the 77th anniversary of the original introduction of electric streetcar service in Fort Collins.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Like many streetcars, car 21 is a "double-ended" car – capable of being operated from either end. It has a single door on each side. The backs of its wooden-bench seats are reversible, allowing the seats to face either end of the car. This type of seat was also known as a "walkover" seat, as the motorman could walk down the cars center aisle at the end of the line and flip the backs of the seats over. The 600 Volts DC that powers the cars electric motor is collected from the overhead trolley wire via a trolley pole on the roof; only one of the two poles is in use at a time, depending on the direction of travel. The car has a single truck and, overall, is approximately 27 ft long and 8 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>Fort Collins car 21 is one of three Birney streetcars listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the others being Fort Collins Municipal Railway No. 22 and Birney Safety Streetcar No. 224, in Fort Smith, Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>The Morris Avenue Historic District is an industrial district in Birmingham, Alabama. The district covers Morris Avenue from 20th Street to 25th Street and First Avenue from 21st to 26th Street. The Morris Avenue section comprises a set of late 19th century masonry warehouses that were Birmingham&#39;s main food distribution center until the 1950s. The First Avenue section of the district comprises a mixed neighborhood of late 19th century offices and warehouses, built shortly after the Morris Avenue development. The combined areas include 63 contributing structures, of the 69 buildings in the district. Notable buildings include the Liberty Trouser Building and the A.C. Legg Building on Morris Avenue on either side of the Moskowitz Warehouse. On First Avenue the Birmingham Realty Building and the A.A. Adams Realty Building, as well as the Goodall-Brown Building are notable.</p><br>
<p>The Morris Avenue district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 24, 1973. It was incorporated into the Morris Avenue–First Avenue district on January 9, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac W. Harrison House is a historic building located in the Cork Hill neighborhood of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It is a somewhat simplified version of the Italianate style found in the city of Davenport. The house is a two-story, three–bay, frame structure with an entrance that is to the left of center. Like many early Italianate homes in Davenport it retained some features of the Greek Revival style. These are found in the glass framed doorway and the simple window pediments. It is also features bracketed eaves and is capped with a hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>Issac Harrison was a land and real estate agent who had this house built in 1858, three years after the area was subdivided. He lived here for over two decades. The front porch is not original. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2015.</p><br>
<p>Sylvester Manor is a historic manor on Shelter Island in Suffolk County, New York, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land, spanning 8,000 acres on Shelter Island, was acquired by English-born colonist Nathaniel Sylvester in the 17th century. Sylvester and his brother owned two plantations in Barbados and over 200 enslaved Africans. When he died in 1680, the estate and 23 enslaved people were inherited by his descendants.</p><br>
<p>The manor on the estate was built in 1737 for Nathaniel Sylvester&#39;s grandson, Brinley Sylvester. Enslaved Africans and European indentured servants built it. The last enslaved person was freed in 1820. The grounds include a cemetery of unmarked graves for enslaved people.</p><br>
<p>Later, the manor was inherited by Mary Gardiner Horsford, the wife of renowned Harvard University professor Eben Norton Horsford after her mother brought it back into the family. They entertained often, one of their guests being Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, it was the home of heiress Alice Fiske. More recently, it was inherited by an 11th generation descendant, Bennett Konesni. With his uncle, Eben Fiske Ostby, he co-founded the Sylvester Manor Educational Farm with the help of the Peconic Land Trust.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>The manor has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 28, 2015.</p><br>
